Bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma as a first presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) / Glaucoma de ângulo fechado bilateral agudo como uma primeira apresentação da granulomatose com poliangeíte (de Wegener)

ABSTRACT We report a case of bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma in a patient with undiagnosed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). A 59-year-old man presented with a severe headache, ocular pain, blurred vision, shortness of breath, and mild fever. Clinical examination revealed conjunctival chemosis, corneal edema, and shallow anterior chambers. Closed angles were observed bilaterally on gonioscopy. The patient was treated with intravenous mannitol, oral acetazolamide, and anti-glaucomatous eye drops. Over the following two days, his vision improved and intraocular pressures decreased. Subsequently, laser iridotomies were performed bilaterally and the patient attended consultations with our departments of respiratory medicine, nephrology, and rheumatology and was subsequently diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma is a very rare ocular manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The association of this clinical entity with Wegener's granulomatosis remains unknown.

RESUMO Relatamos um caso glaucoma bilateral agudo de ângulo fechado em um paciente sem diagnóstico prévio de granulomatose com poliangeíte (Wegener). Um homem de 59 anos apresentou-se com uma forte dor de cabeça, dor nos olhos, visão turva, dificuldade em respirar e febre baixa. Observamos quemose conjuntival, edema da córnea e câmara anterior rasa. A gonioscopia demonstrou ângulos fechados bilateralmente. Ele foi tratado com manitol intravenoso, acetazolamida oral, olho e colírios antiglaucomatosos. Durante os dois dias seguintes a sua visão melhorou e as pressões intra-oculares diminuíram. A seguir, foram realizadas iridotomias a laser bilateralmente e ele foi referido para os departamentos de doenças pulmonares, nefrologia e reumatologia. Ele foi diagnosticado com poliangeíte granulomatosa. Glaucoma bilateral agudo de ângulo fechado é uma entidade clínica muito rara e sua associação com a granulomatose de Wegener é desconhecida e deve acrescentar-se à lista de manifestações oculares de granulomatose com poliangeíte.

Laser Peripheral Iridotomy with Iridoplasty in Primary Angle Closure Suspect: Anterior Chamber Analysis by Pentacam

PURPOSE: To compare conventional laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and LPI combined with laser peripheral iridoplasty in eyes with primary angle closure suspect (PACS) by assessment of anterior chamber dimensional changes using a Pentacam. METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 24 subjects with bilateral PACS were recruited consecutively. Each eye was randomly allocated to treatment with conventional LPI, argon LPI only, or LPI plus iridoplasty, which consisted of simultaneous argon LPI and peripheral iridoplasty. Anterior chamber measurements were performed on each eye using a Pentacam, both before and after treatment. Mean anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle were measured, and topographic ACD analysis was performed. Results were compared between the two treatment groups. RESULTS: After treatment with either conventional LPI or LPI plus iridoplasty, the mean ACD and ACV increased significantly. Topographic ACD analysis revealed that the mid-to-peripheral ACD increase was significantly greater in the LPI plus iridoplasty group than in eyes treated with conventional LPI. Intraocular pressure changes and post-LPI complications did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conventional LPI, our study showed that LPI plus iridoplasty improved the mid-to-peripheral ACD increase. This procedure may have a role as an adjunct for reducing angle closure by simultaneously eliminating pupillary and non-pupillary block components.

Glaucoma anterior chamber morphometry based on optical Scheimpflug images / Morfometria da câmara anterior no glaucoma avaliada pelas imagens de Scheimpflug

Purpose: To compare the performance of gonioscopy and noncontact morphometry with anterior chamber tomography (High Resolution Pentacam - HR) using optical Scheimpflug images in the evaluation of the anterior chamber angle (ACA). Methods: Transversal study. 112 eyes from 74 subjects evaluated at the Glaucoma Department, Fluminense Federal University, underwent gonioscopy and Pentacam HR. Using gonioscopy, the ACA was graded using the Shaffer Classification (SC) by a single experienced examiner masked to the Pentacam HR findings. Narrow angle was determined in eyes in which the posterior trabecular meshwork could not be seen in two or more quadrants on non-indentation gonioscopy (SC Grade 2 or less). Pentacam HR images of the nasal and temporal quadrants were evaluated by custom software to automatically obtain anterior chamber measurements, such as: anterior chamber angle (ACA), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and anterior chamber depth (ACD). Results: Based on gonioscopy results, 74 (60.07 percent) eyes of patients classified as open-angle (SC 3 and 4) and 38 (33.93 percent) eyes of patients classified as narrow-angle (SC 1 and 2). Noncontact morphometry with Scheimpflug images revealed a mean ACA of 39.20 ± 5.31 degrees for open-angle and 21.18 ± 7.98 degrees for narrow-angle. The open-angle group showed significant greater ACV and ACD values when compared to narrow-angle group (ACV of 193 ± 36 mm³ vs. 90 ± 25 mm³, respectively, p<0.001; and ACD of 3,09 ± 0,42 mm vs. 1,55 ± 0,64 mm, respectively, p<0.0001.). In screening eyes with open-angle and narrow-angle with the Pentacam ACA of 20º (SC Grade 2) using the ROC curves, the analysis showed 52.6 percent of sensitivity and 100 percent of specificity. Conclusions: The Pentacam showed ability in detecting eyes at risk for angle closure analyzing ACV and ACD.

Objetivo: Comparar os resultados da gonioscopia com as medidas morfométricas do segmento anterior obtidas pela tomografia (Pentacam High Resolution - HR), utilizando imagens ópticas de Scheimpflug na avaliação do ângulo da câmara anterior (ACA). Métodos: Realizado estudo transversal com avaliação de 112 olhos de 74 pacientes avaliados no Setor de Glaucoma da Universidade Federal Fluminense, submetidos ao exame da gonioscopia e do Pentacam HR. Na gonioscopia o ACA foi classificado utilizando a Classificação de Shaffer (SC), realizado por um único examinador experiente, e seus resultados foram comparados às medidas do Pentacam HR. Ângulos estreitos foram classificados nos olhos em que a malha posterior trabecular não foi observada em dois ou mais quadrantes na gonioscopia tradicional (SC Grau 2 ou menor). As imagens dos quadrantes nasal e temporal obtidas pelo Pentacam HR foram avaliadas por um software personalizado que obtêm automaticamente as seguintes medidas da câmara anterior: ângulo da câmara anterior (ACA), volume da câmara anterior (ACV) e profundidade da câmara anterior (ACD). Resultados: Com base nos resultados gonioscopia, 74 (60,07 por cento) olhos foram classificados como ângulo aberto (SC 3 e 4) e 38 (33,93 por cento) olhos foram classificados como ângulo estreito (SC 1 e 2). A morfometria de não contato com as imagens Scheimpflug revelou uma média de ACA 39,20 ± 5,31 graus nos ângulos abertos e 21,18 ± 7,98 graus nos ângulos estreitos. O grupo classificado como ângulo aberto mostrou medidas significativamente maiores de ACV e ACD quando comparado ao grupo de ângulo estreito (ACV de 193 ± 36 mm³ vs 90 ± 25 mm³, respectivamente, p <0,001 e ACD de 3,09 ± 0,42 mm vs 1,55 ± 0,64 mm, respectivamente, p<0,0001). Na diferenciação dos olhos com ângulo aberto e olhos com ângulo estreito no Pentacam, a análise das curvas ROC demonstraram que na medida de 20º (SC Grau 2) resultaram em 52,6 por cento de sensibilidade em 100 por cento de especificidade. Conclusões: O Pentacam HR mostrou habilidade em detectar os olhos com risco de fechamento angular na analise do ACV e do ACD.

Profile of angle closure in a tertiary care center in north India.

Purpose: To study the demographic and clinical profile of the types of primary angle closure patients presenting at a tertiary care center in North India. Materials and Methods: Clinic records of patients diagnosed as primary angle closure were reviewed. International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) classification scheme was used to categorize patients. Demographic and clinical data including prior management was collected and analyzed. Main Outcome measures were age, sex, symptomatology, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), gonioscopy, optic disc assessment and visual field defects. Logistic regression model and receiver operating curve (ROC) were calculated for predictors of type of glaucoma. Results: Eight hundred and fourteen patients (1603 eyes; males: 380, females: 434) were diagnosed to have various subtypes of angle closure. Mean (±SD) age at presentation was significantly higher for males (57.57 ± 11.62 years) as compared to females (53.64 ± 10.67 years) (P < 0001). Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) was most frequently diagnosed subtype (49.38%) followed by Primary angle closure (PAC) (39.68%) and Primary angle closure suspect (PACS) (10.93%) respectively. The three subtypes differed significantly among their mean IOP (on ANOVA, F = 14.04; P < 0001 using Greenhouse-Geisser correction). Univariate analysis was done to find significant predictors for the outcome of PACG. Logistic regression model and ROC containing the significant predictors yielded a very high AUC of 0.93 with strong discriminatory ability for PACG. Conclusion: In our hospital-based study, the significant predictors for the outcome of PACG included male gender, diminution of vision, the presence of pain and worsening grades of BCVA. Nearly half of PACG presented with advanced disease. In spite of one-third of the patients being diagnosed as angle closure prior to referral, only 8.34% had iridotomy (laser or surgical) done.

Correlação entre a espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial ocular nos portadores de glaucoma e em olhos normais / Correlation between central corneal thickness and axial length in patients with glaucoma and normal eyes

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a espessura corneana central com o comprimento axial ocular nos portadores de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, com glaucoma primário de fechamento angular e indivíduos com olhos normais. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 94 olhos de 94 pacientes, divididos em três grupos compostos por 33 olhos de 33 pacientes portadores de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, 30 olhos de 30 pacientes com glaucoma primário de fechamento angular e 31 olhos normais de 31 indivíduos. A espessura corneana e o comprimento axial do olho foram obtidos pela paquimetria ultrassônica e ecobiometria, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: A média da espessura corneana central foi de 535,1 mm no glaucoma primário de fechamento angular; 520,6 mm no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e 519,2 mm nos olhos normais (p=0,18). A média do comprimento axial do globo ocular nos portadores de glaucoma primário de fechamento angular foi de 22,16 mm e nos grupos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e olhos normais foram de 22,68 mm e 22,64 mm, respectivamente (p=0,13). Não houve correlação significativa entre a espessura corneana central e comprimento axial do globo ocular nos grupos com glaucoma primário de fechamento angular (r=-0,085; p=0,65), glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (r=-0,070; p=0,69) e olhos normais (r=-0,120; p=0,52). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem não haver correlação entre a espessura corneana central e o comprimento axial do globo ocular nos portadores de glaucoma e indivíduos com olhos normais.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and to correlate the central corneal thickness with the ocular axial length in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma and individuals with normal eyes. METHODS: The sample was composed of 94 patients' eyes, divided into three groups constituted of 33 eyes of 33 primary open-angle glaucoma patients, 30 eyes of 30 primary angle-closure glaucoma patients and 31 normal eyes of 31 individuals. The central corneal thickness and the axial length were measured by ultrasonic pachymeter and biometry by A-scan ultrasound, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed a mean of 535.1 mm central corneal thickness in primary angle-closure glaucoma group, 520.6 mm in primary open-angle glaucoma group and 519.2 mm in normal eyes (p=0.18). The ocular axial length on primary angle-closure glaucoma group was 22.16 mm and on primary open-angle glaucoma and normal eyes group was 22.68 mm and 22.64 mm, respectively (p=0.13). There was no significant correlation between corneal thickness and axial length in the primary angle-closure glaucoma group (r=-0.085; p=0.65), the open-angle glaucoma group (r=-0.070; p=0.69) and the normal eyes group (r=-0.120; p=0.52). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this assay suggest that there is no correlation between the central corneal thickness and the axial length in patients with glaucoma and individuals with normal eyes.

Análise morfométrica comparativa entre olhos com glaucoma agudo primário e olhos contralaterais / Comparative morphometric assessment between eyes with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma and contralateral eyes

OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer o perfil dos pacientes com glaucoma agudo primário (GAP) e proceder a uma análise clínica e morfométrica comparativa entre o olho que sofreu a crise de GAP e o olho contralateral (OCL). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo. Foram avaliados pacientes no período de setembro de 2005 a março de 2007. Critério de inclusão: diagnóstico de GAP. Critérios de exclusão: catarata (exceto "glaukomflecken") à biomicroscopia que acarrete baixa acuidade visual ou miopização, glaucomas secundários, sinais de crise GAP prévio ou de procedimento cirúrgico anterior no OCL, impossibilidade de controle clínico do GAP, íris em platô. Foram avaliados: incidência do GAP, idade, sexo, raça, história familiar de glaucoma, acuidade visual com (AVCC) e sem correção (AVSC) na escala decimal, equivalente esférico (EE), escavação do disco óptico (E/D), gonioscopia, ceratometria (K), espessura central da córnea (ECC) e dados ecobiométricos [profundidade central da câmara anterior (PCCA), diâmetro axial ântero-posterior do olho (AXL), espessura do cristalino (CR)], e relação espessura do cristalino e diâmetro axial (CR/AXL). RESULTADOS: Foram admitidos 1346 pacientes no período de setembro de 2005 a março de 2007, 28 (2,1 por cento) tiveram o diagnóstico de GAP. A incidência de GAP no SGHSG (Serviço de Glaucoma do Hospital São Geraldo) foi de 20,8 por 1000 atendimentos. Os pacientes com GAP eram, na grande maioria, do sexo feminino, leucodérmicos, com história familiar negativa para glaucoma e média de idade de 59,6 anos. Na comparação entre olhos com GAP e os OCLs verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa nos seguintes parâmetros clínicos: AVSC (GAP:0,27 ± 0,32; OCL:0,57 ± 0,33, p=0,000); AVCC (GAP:0,53 ± 0,44; OCL:0,88 ± 0,23, p=0,000); EE (GAP: +0,49 ± 1,98; OCL: +1,21 ± 2,03, p=0,007); E/D (GAP: 0,51 ± 0,28; OCL: 0,42 ± 0,20; p=0,031). Além disso, à gonioscopia, os olhos com GAP apresentaram com maior freqüência os seios camerulares fechados...

PURPOSE: To establish the profile of patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (APACG) and to assess comparatively clinical and morphometric parameters between eyes with APACG and contralateral eyes (CLEs). METHODS: Prospective study including patients attended from September 2005 to March 2007. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of APACG. Exclusion criteria: presence of cataract (except for "glaukomflecken") that may cause low visual acuity or myopization, secondary glaucoma, previous APAGC or surgical procedure in the (CLE), no possibility to control the acute crisis of glaucoma clinically, plateau iris. The following were evaluated: incidence of APACG, age, gender, race, family history of glaucoma, corrected visual acuity (CVA) and uncorrected visual acuity (UVA), spherical equivalent (SE), cup/disc ratio (C/D), gonioscopy, keratometry (K), central corneal thickness (CCT), and echobiometric data [anterior central chamber depth (ACCD), axial length (AL), lens thickness (LT)] and relation between lens thickness and axial length (LT/AL). RESULTS: One thousand and three hundred and forty-three patients were examined from September 2005 to March 2006; 28 (2.1 percent) had the diagnosis of APACG. The incidence of the APACG was 20.8 cases per 1000 patients. The patients with APACG were manly white women with a negative familial history of glaucoma and with an average age of 59.6 years. When clinical aspects were compared between eyes with APACG and CLEs, statistical significance was observed: UVA (APACG: 0.27 ± 0.32; CLE: 0.57 ± 0.33, p=0.000); CVA (APACG: 0.53 ± 0.44; CLE: 0.88 ± 0.23, p=0.000); SE (APACG: +0.49 ± 1.98; CLE: +1.21 ± 2.03, p=0.007); C/D (APACG: 0.51 ± 0.28; CLE: 0.42 ± 0.20; p=0.031). Also, by gonioscopy, eyes with APACG demonstrated more frequently angle closure than CLEs. The eye of the crisis showed the following characteristics: average K of 45.21 ± 1.96 D, average CCT of 534.46 ± 34.15 mm, average ACCD of 2.43 ±...

Peripheral Anterior Synechiae and Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Parameters in Angle-Closure Glaucoma Suspects

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between peripheral anterior synechia (PAS) and the quantitative anterior chamber angle parameters measured by ultrasound microscopy (UBM) in angle-closure glaucoma suspect (ACGS) eyes. METHODS: Eyes were defined ACGS as having occludable angles and intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg without glaucomatous optic nerve head. The gonioscopic criteria for ACGS were the trabecular meshwork invisible in 3 or more quadrants of the entire angle and the angular width less than 20 degrees by Shaffer classification. Twenty-seven eyes of 20 patients underwent anterior chamber angle and ciliary body imaging with UBM. Angle opening distance (AOD500), angle recess area (ARA), trabecular-ciliary process distance (TCPD) and trabecular-iris angle (TIA) were measured from the UBM images at each quadrant. RESULTS: The AOD500, ARA, and TIA were not significantly different between the eyes with PAS (9 eyes) and without PAS (18 eyes) at each quadrant. However, the TCPD was significantly shorter in the superior quadrant when compared with the eyes without PAS (mean: 405.3+/-70.9 micrometer vs 536.4+/-140.5 micrometer) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the shorter distance from trabecular meshwork to ciliary body or the anterior placement of ciliary process may play a role in the development of PAS in ACGS eyes.

Distribution and Characteristics of Peripheral Anterior Synechiae in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 155 patients (244 eyes) with PACG. We divided these patients into one of four clinical subtypes: acute angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), chronic ACG, angle-closure hypertension, and ACG suspect. The prevalence, extent, and location of PAS were evaluated according to PACG subtypes. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate relationships between the highest IOP level without treatment and the extent of PAS. RESULT: The average degree of angle-closure with PAS was 14.6+/-9.1 in eyes that were classified as ACG suspect, 83.8+/-48.3 in angle-closure hypertension, 140.5+/-31.3 in acute ACG, and 180.3+/-31.9 in chronic ACG (ANOVA test, P<0.05). PAS was most frequently found in the superior part of the eye, especially from 12 to 1 o'clock. The incidence of broad PAS (PAS over 30 degrees in width) was highest in superior part, but the medium and narrow PAS (PAS limited to within 30 degrees in width) was distributed throughout all 12 sectors relatively equally. Prior to a laser iridotomy (LI) and other medical treatments, a positive correlation was found between the highest IOP (intraocular pressure) levels and the extent of PAS in chronic ACG (r=0.423, P<0.0001). However, statistically significant relationships were not found between the highest IOP levels before treatment and the extent of PAS in any of the other clinical subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that acute and chronic ACG patients are most likely to have a greater extent of PAS than patients in the angle-closure hypertension or ACG suspect subtypes. PAS may be narrower in earlier stages and broader in later stages. PAS was also found most frequently in the superior part of the eye. The extent of synechial closure of the angle may play a role in raising IOP levels in later stages of the disease rather than early on.

Comparison of Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Damage in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma with and without Acute Attack

PURPOSE: To compare the glaucomatous optic nerve damage in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with acute attack (acute PACG; AACG) and PACG without acute attack (chronic PACG; CACG). METHODS: The study subjects were 84 normal individuals, 130 AACG patients, and 86 CACG patients. Color optic disc photographs were evaluated for the presence or absence of 10 qualitative signs to differentiate between normal and glaucomatous optic discs. RESULTS: Abnormally shaped rim width (alteration of ISN'T rule), bared circumlinear vessel, vessel bayonetting, rim width narrower than the temporal sector, and zone beta (nasal and superotemporal sectors) were detected more frequently in the CACG group than in the AACG group (P< 0.05). The most accurate qualitative sign was abnormally shaped rim width in both groups. The specificity and sensitivity of abnormally shaped rim width were 71.4% and 60.8% for AACG, and 71.4% and 81.4% for CACG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The optic disc damage is greater in CACG than in AACG.

The trabecular meshwork in acute and chronic angle closure glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of acute and chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) on the trabecular meshwork. METHODS: Trabecular specimens of 16 consecutive patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG)--6 acute PACG eyes, and 10 chronic PACG eyes without an acute attack--were studied by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Acute PACG: The trabecular meshwork revealed a generalised oedema and an accumulation of pigment in the widened trabecular spaces and Schlemm's canal. Attenuated trabecular endothelial cells appeared to be devoid of subcellular components. Chronic PACG: In chronic PACG eyes the trabecular architecture had lost its regular arrangement, with fewer and narrower trabecular spaces and fusion of the trabecular beams in areas. There were numerous electron-dense bodies in the trabecular tissues, both within the trabecular beams and in the extracellular spaces, which had a banded fibrillar structure. An overall loss of endothelial cells was noted; the remaining cells were crowded together and were polymorphic. Melanin pigment was present both within the stroma and in the endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Pigment accumulation in the trabecular spaces and within the cells and a noninflammatory degeneration appeared to be the primary changes in the trabecular meshwork after acute angle closure glaucoma. In chronic PACG eyes, there was evidence of loss of endothelial cells and reactive repair processes. These changes were present in areas away from visible peripheral anterior synechiae. A gonioscopic evaluation of the extent of peripheral anterior synechiae alone may not reflect the extent of trabecular meshwork damage in acute and chronic PACG. Patients experiencing an acute attack of PACG require a long-term follow up, because the intraocular pressure (IOP) may rise later, due to ongoing changes compromising the outflow facility, or due to the effects of aging in the trabecular meshwork.

Alteraciones del endotelio corneal producidas por el láser Yag-neodimium / Alterations of the endothelium corneal to produce by the laser Yag-neodimium

Para determinar las alteraciones producidas por el láser Yag-Neodimium (Nd) en el endotelio corneal, se estudiaron pacientes con glaucoma de ángulo estrecho y cerrado que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de Caracas, de marzo y noviembre de 1995. A estos pacientes se les practicó previamente examen oftalmológico que incluyó test de Schirmer II, tiempo de ruptura de la película lagrimal y biomicroscopía especular, este protocolo se repitió al mes de realizada la iridotomía. El estudio del endotelio contempló: densidad, polimegatismo, pleomorfismo y cambios gutatos. La iridotomía fue realizada por un equipo Visulag Yag-Neodimium (Nd-E), en el cuadrante nasal superior del iris. Se estudiaron 21 ojos, observándose en un ojo (4,76 por ciento) disminución del contaje celular y aumento en número de lesiones similares a los cuerpos de Hassal-Henle, posterior a la cirugía con láser, un hallazgo en ese ojo fue un test de Schirmer II de 2 mm. El resto de los ojos no presentó cambio alguno